Spatial Characteristics of Pedestrian Crashes on an Urban Arterial Road: A Case Study of J. A. Kufuor Avenue, Accra, Ghana

Urban arterial roads in low- and middle-income countries combine high traffic mobility with intense pedestrian activity, yet conventional safety assessments often aggregate crashes over long sections and may conceal localized risk. This study applies a corridor-based exploratory spatial data analysis framework to 203 pedestrian- involved injury and fatal crashes recorded from 2021 to 2023 on a 6.8 km section of J. A. Kufuor Avenue in Accra, Ghana. The corridor was divided into consecutive 100 m segments. Global Moran’s I assessed corridor- wide spatial dependence, while Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) identified local clusters and outliers. A first-order, row-standardised contiguity matrix linked each segment to its immediate upstream and downstream neighbours; significance was evaluated using 999 random permutations at p < 0.05. Global Moran's I was not statistically significant (I = -0.020, z = -0.63, p = 0.36), but the local analysis revealed concentrated high-burden segments. High-High segments represented 13% of the corridor length but contained 31% of crashes, 51% of fatalities and 36% of injuries. Field observations associated priority locations with underused crossing facilities, public-transport stopping activity, roadside trading, poor lane balance, faded markings and high-speed approaches. The study contributes a reproducible corridor-screening framework that combines global and local spatial statistics with site diagnosis. It supports targeted engineering treatment while recognising that exposure data and segmentation sensitivity should be incorporated in future studies. Competitive Strategy and Organisational Performance in Quantity Surveying Firms: A Sustainability-Oriented Assessment in Nigeria’s Built Environment Diekolola Abiola-Ogedengbe1*, Molusiwa Stephan Ramabodu1, Nathaniel A. Olatunde1,